Parallel Force Evaluation¶

eOn supports parallel force evaluation in NEB, Dimer/ImprovedDimer, and ProcessSearchJob. The threading model uses std::thread with per-image potential ownership.

Threading Model¶

Two virtual methods on Potential control the behavior:

`isThreadSafe()`¶

Returns whether the same potential instance can be called from multiple threads concurrently. Most empirical potentials (LJ, Morse, SW, etc.) return true (default). Python-based potentials (ASE, CatLearn) return false because CPython has the GIL.

When true, NEB spawns one thread per image and all threads call force() on the shared potential instance.

`needsPerImageInstance()`¶

Returns whether NEB should create a separate Potential instance per image via makePotential(). This is needed for potentials where:

The same instance cannot be called concurrently (internal state, caches)
But separate instances CAN run in parallel (each has its own state)

Examples:

MetatomicPotential: PyTorch model has internal caches. Same instance needs a mutex; separate instances run truly in parallel. Returns needsPerImageInstance() = true.
XTBPot: Fortran library has per-instance state (xtb_TEnvironment, xtb_TCalculator). Same instance is not thread-safe; separate instances are independent. Returns needsPerImageInstance() = true.

When needsPerImageInstance() is true, NEB creates N+2 potential instances (one per image) at construction time. The parallel force evaluation then proceeds lock-free.

Decision Table¶

`isThreadSafe()`	`needsPerImageInstance()`	Behavior	Examples
`true`	`false`	Shared instance, parallel threads	LJ, Morse, SW, EMT
`false`	`true`	Per-image instances, parallel threads	XTB, ASE, metatomic
`true`	`true`	Per-image instances, parallel threads	MetatomicPotential (mutex fallback)
`false`	`false`	Sequential evaluation	(none currently)

The parallel check in NEB is:

bool canParallel = pot->isThreadSafe() || perImagePotentials_;
if (numImages > 1 && params.main_options.parallel && canParallel) { ... }

Affected Code Paths¶

Component	Parallel Units	Per-Image Potential
NEB	N images	Each `path[i]` Matter
Dimer	center + forward	`matterDimer`
ImprovedDimer	x0 + x1	`x1`
ProcessSearchJob	min1 + min2	`min2`

Performance¶

With the Morse empirical potential (337-atom Pt, 5 NEB images), parallel force evaluation gives a 2.3x speedup over SVN sequential.

With PET-MAD-S ML potential (14-atom Claisen, 10 NEB images):

Mutex-serialized (shared instance): 192 seconds
Per-image instances (true parallel): 69 seconds (2.8x speedup)

Adding a New Potential¶

If your potential has internal state that prevents concurrent calls on the same instance but supports independent instances:

Override isThreadSafe() to return true (with internal mutex as fallback) or false
Override needsPerImageInstance() to return true
Ensure the constructor (called by makePotential()) creates an independent instance (no shared static state)

The [Main] parallel = true config option (default) enables threading. Set parallel = false to force sequential evaluation.